New Utrecht High School Essay - 1956 Words

The school, the observation was being conducted is called New Utrecht High School. This high school was established on 1915, and it serves the neighborhood of Bensonhurst in Brooklyn. Bensonhurst was once known as the Little Italy of Brooklyn because it used to have a big population of Italians, but now this populations of Italians were replaced by a population of Chinese people, and also this neighborhood has a very large number of Chinese people born in china than any of other neighborhood in New York City This school has over 3000 students enrolled and it is part of New York City District 20. The information on the New York City Department of Education website on the school’s 2014-2015 School Quality Snapshot shows the school has a 74% rate of graduation in 4 years and 74% rate of graduation in 6 years. The student achievement level is 3 out of 4 on the New York City Department of Education rating scale. The report shows the students in the school earn 81% of enough credit s to be on track for graduation and 80% of the students by 10th grade earn enough credits to be on track to graduation. The students in this school’s ability to pass the regents exam the students in this school in English, Mathematics and Science are 3 out of 4 levels and in Social Studies they are 4 out of 4 levels or at full proficiency to pass the social studies regents exam. In this school, 44% of the students have successfully completed an approved college or career preparatory courses andShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Utrecht On The City Of Utrecht1519 Words   |  7 PagesMoving to Utrecht With nearly 200 nationalities living in this medieval city, Utrecht is quickly becoming one of The Netherlands’ international centers of education, research, business, and culture. Expats relocating to Utrecht will find a rapidly expanding cosmopolitan city and an excellent place to raise children, study, or work. The fourth most populated city in The Netherlands, Utrecht’s population tops 330,000, with almost a quarter of these residents being students at the city’s four largeRead MoreWilhelm Rontgen and the Nobel Prize Essay567 Words   |  3 Pageswent to Institute of Martinus Herman van Doorn, a boarding school. He did not show any special aptitude, but he had a fascination with nature and loved roaming the countryside and walking through forests. Later he attended a technical school in Utrecht, but unfortunately was unfairly expelled for allegedly drawing a rude caricature of one of the teachers, which was in fact drawn by another student. He then entered the University of Utrecht in 1865 to study physics. He did not have the required credentialsRead MoreSmoking Tobacco Products and Electronic-cigarettes1358 Words   |  6 Pagescancer, increased risk for respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease, and tooth decay (â€Å"Economies†). This, along with recent bans put in place by a growing number of cities that make it a crime to smoke in public places, has paved the way for a new technologically advanced way to smoke. The electronic cigarette became widespread in the United States in 2008. Since then, their popularity and criticism have skyrocketed. It smokes and gives the user the same fix of nicotine as a regular cigaretteRead MoreEssay about Graduate Studies in Atmospheric Science728 Words   |  3 Pagesbackground in mathematics and physics. I constantly find pleasure in deriving mathematical formulas to experience in my mind the process of turning the physical mechanisms into something of such succinct beauty. And the School of Atmospheric Science at Nanjing University, the top school for this major in China has provided me with a rich environment to excel beyond the curriculum, debating and discussing questions with my professors. My curious and analytical attitude has made me a top student amongRead MoreAmeric The Great Wagon Road1151 Words   |  5 PagesThe first medical school opened in 1765. Unfortunately, this didn’t prepare them for the plague, small pox. Also, if you were a lawyer, you were assumed to be nosey scumbags. Finally, in 1750, lawyers were recognized as useful, and they defended many high profi le cases and played important parts in American history. However, being a farmer was a great thing because it was a stable job. Soon trade became very popular in New England. They created a trading port that left from New England to AfricanRead MoreMotivation Letter Sample6058 Words   |  25 PagesHeart Research Center (The CHRC) as a Senior Clinical Research Coordinator. I found this position very useful for my development in the clinical research field because it gave me a chance to learn about clinical research from the other side. As CRA I new research from the side of sponsors (pharmaceutical or biotechnological companies), as a CRC I learned clinical research from the side of Principal Investigator. I strongly believe that Master of Science degree will be a very strong and necessary additionRead MoreMethods Critique And Comparison : Enhancing Caregiver Outcomes Of Palliative Care, By Mccorkle And Pasacreta1665 Words   |  7 Pageshad changed from the patient receiving care in a hospital or hospice setting by skilled health care professionals to home care by inexperienced family members. The hypothesis is: Does this new trend of transferring the responsibility from skilled health care to the inexperienced family member create a whole new health care paradigm with its own set of implications? McCorkle and Pasacreta used a constructivist grounded theory (Polit, 2012) methodology consisting of a literature review combined withRead MoreThe Discovery Of X Rays1612 Words   |  7 Pagesinvention changed the medical and astronomy field drastically and therefore he was awarded the first Nobel prize in physics. He was awarded this incredible and highly valued award in the year 1901 after producing, detecting and then discovering these high frequency wavelengths produced by electromagnetic radiation. This Physicist and scientist later to be recognized as doctor gave the world the gift of this amazing, invisible and powerful rays that would change the world for ever. Willhelm Conrad RontgenRead MoreCoca Cola Social Responsibility And Sustainability1742 Words   |  7 PagesCoca-Cola Corporate Social Responsibility and sustainability Berlandie Benoit Professor Altamirano Monroe College: King Graduate School Abstract Large companies like Coca-Cola, have always engaged in corporate social responsibilities. The objective of this paper is to determine whether or not Coca-Cola fulfilled their social responsibilities in India. Coca-Cola had launched their sustainability framework as well as adopting the international Corporate Social Responsibility the Ruggie’s frameworkRead MoreThe Effects of Teachers Behavior on Student Performance8134 Words   |  33 Pagesmotivation Perry den Brok, IVLOS Institute of Education, Utrecht University Jack Levy, Graduate School of Education, George Mason University Mieke Brekelmans, IVLOS Institute of Education, Utrecht University Theo Wubbels, Institute of Educational Sciences, Utrecht University Re-submitted to: Journal of Classroom Interaction January 2006 Corresponding author: Dr. P. J. den Brok IVLOS Institute of Education Utrecht University P. O. Box 80127 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands tel. +.31.30.2532231 fax. +.31

Marketing Design And Innovation Questions Essay

Marketing Design and Innovation Contents Introduction and Context of the report 4 Task One 5 1 The benefits and value derived by the clients or customers or recipients 5 1.1 SMART analysis 5 1.2 SWOT analysis 7 1.3 Ansoff growth matrix: 8 1.4 Cost- benefits analysis: 9 1.5 Benefits in general: 9 2 Highlight the challenges of the ideas: 10 2.1 Porter’s five factor analysis: 10 2.2 SWOT analysis: 12 2.3 Challenges regarding marketing strategies: 12 2.4 Challenges regarding marketing mix: 13 2.5 Challenges in general: 14 Conclusion: 14 References: 16 Introduction and Context of the report Pen-drive, now-a-days, is very important and significant device to carry data and other types of media. With the demand of the customers and the inconvenience of carry data or only a small file through floppy drive the idea of pen-drive has come to the developers mind. So, it is the contemporary product that replaces the usage floppy drive and caters the demand of present customers. The only problem is its connectivity system with other devices. If the pen-drive can be connected with the present USB system as well as it can be added with Bluetooth connectivity system to establish connection also with smart phone, tablets, smart TV, Laptop and other devices with the use of Bluetooth. It will be easy and convenient for the use of Pen-drive if the Bluetooth facilities will be ensured. So, in this assignment the details analysis of the benefits and values derived by theShow MoreRelatedMarketing Design And Innovation : Ipod Marketing Strategy1167 Words   |  5 PagesTASK 02 2 Reflective Essay: Learning and assessment of the module 2 References 5 Title: Marketing Design and Innovation: iPod Marketing Strategy TASK 02 (Re-sit Submission for Partial Fulfillment) Reflective Essay: Learning and assessment of the module An organizations general design and it power of innovation determines the competitive advantage in the local as well as international level (Johansson and Holm, 2006). If a firm can respond immediatelyRead MoreIs Handpresso A Product Designed For Coffee Lovers?1252 Words   |  6 Pagessimple small portable espresso machine. It is invented by Nielsen Innovation which specializes in creating new-to-the-world products. Nielsen Innovations, founded in 2000, designed and developed several innovative products such as Wi-Flow technology for a vacuum cleaner and Reelight – battery-free bicycle lights. Handpresso started as a self-financing product design project. Upon completion of the basic design, Nielson Innovation approached a couple of leaders from the espresso market to obtain aRead MoreConsumers Take a Shine to Apple Inc. Essay795 Words   |  4 Pagesstatus by developing innovative design products and pushing the limits of their marketing prowess. Apple is known for their ability to listen to consumers and revolutionize market segments by providing modern design laden and feature rich alternatives to the target markets. They employ strategies that might contradict normal convention by keeping their prices high to build a brand image of prestige and promote their products through word of mouth. The impact on marketing is hugely noticeable by otherRead MoreWhat Is Innovation? State Two Innovations That Has Revolutionised The Current Market? Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion:1 What is Innovation? State two Innovations that has revolutionised the current market in the last decade? The process of translating an idea or invention into a good or service that creates value for which consumers will pay is called an innovation, an idea must be replicable at an economical cost and must satisfy a specific need. Innovation involves deliberal application of information, imagination and initiative in deriving different values from resources, and includes all processesRead MoreInnovation Process1310 Words   |  6 PagesInnovation Process In order for organizations to become successful or maintain an ongoing success, they need to accommodate any necessary changes needed while remaining on a competitive edge. With this known, companies such as Coca-Cola have easily shown their success by becoming the largest manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of nonalcoholic beverages by which the company has products sold in 200 counties world wide. In this paper Team B will identify and explain the four phases of theRead MoreBusiness Strategies For A Competitive Advantage Over Rivals1378 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing the specific need or want disappears, as consumers in the targeted group tastes change. Additionally, a firm may not be able to generate enough revenue with a narrowly focused consumer group due to the lack of economies of scale and scope. Question 6.3 Value Chain for Cost-Leadership Firm A firm using a cost-leadership strategy will focus on identifying savings in its primary activities through the costs of inputs and economies of scale. Supply Chain Management: This firm will negotiateRead MoreDesign Driven Innovation Essay examples1335 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction â€Å"Design Driven Innovation† (Verganti, 2009) or â€Å"Design Inspired Innovation† (Utterback et al., 2006), a concept of design-oriented (or novel meaning oriented) product/service planning, is now widely recognized as one of the most competitive business creation approaches. This approach focuses concept oriented product development to bring a novel meaning into the product, as represented by iPod (Apple Inc.), Allesi’s kitchen wares (Allesi S.p.A.) and Wii (Nintendo Corp.). A unique productRead MoreMarketing1580 Words   |  7 PagesASSIGNMENT QUESTION Marketing Plan: Your company has just developed a new sports drink that is in a container which will keep it cool for up to 6 hours.   Write a 3 page paper discussing how you would market the product.   Running Head: COOL CONTAINERS MARKETING PLAN 1 Cool-Containers Marketing Plan COOL-CONTAINERS MARKETING PLAN Read MoreCase Study - Nike: Spreading Out to Stay Together1343 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study: Amazon: Nike: Spreading Out to Stay Together Nike, Inc. is an American  multinational corporation  that is engaged in the design, development and worldwide marketing and selling of footwear, apparel, equipment, accessories and services. The company is headquartered near  Beaverton, Oregon, in the  Portland metropolitan area. It is the world s leading supplier of  athletic shoes  and  apparel  and a major manufacturer of  sports equipment, with revenue in excess of US$24.1  billion in its fiscalRead MoreThe Difference Between Innovation And Change849 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion1: What is the difference between innovation and change. Give some example of each. In a business environment, innovation is understood in two ways; more explicitly, it clearly distinguishes itself from closely associated concepts like word and more broadly, it includes change. Innovation is considered as both a separate product and outcome or as a process. Innovation as an outcome defines the contextual, structural, and process conditions under which a firm innovates. Therefore, it is intended

African Americans A Great Depression - 1282 Words

African Americans didn’t know that is was a Great Depression. African Americans have always been poor and knew how to survive. By 1932, approximately half of black Americans were unemployed, blacks always felt unemployed and under paid. Whites attempted to keep blacks out of work by not hiring African Americans. They used racial violence, and discrimination tactics to keep an underprivileged population depressed. Teachers taught in the past it was caused by the stock market crash in 1929, causing a decade of poverty, homelessness, and hungry. The true economic reason was a large scale of credit, borrowing, and loans. The great inventions of the earlier years triggered a greedy population of people to have the latest technology. As the new housing where being built in the suburbs, people started filling out more and more credit applications. In this culture, appearance of wealth, new cars also were sold to go along with the new house. Furniture, appliances and consumer electronics were also placed on credit as well. The agriculture sector suffered as well, with the expansion of farms during WWI, tools, and the latest equipment was purchased, causing the price of food to raise. Farmers also borrowed money for their growth and when people wasn’t buying the over priced vegetables, meats and fruits. The financial institutions foreclosed on property and capital equipment. Big banks had a practice of loaning more money for the stock market, and real estateShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans And The Great Depression1477 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression was a tough time for everyone, but it was even worse for African Americans. From 1929 to 1939, the â€Å"Great Depression was deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world,† (The Great Depression). Wiping jobs and companies, the Great Depression effect everyone. African Americans suffered the most because even before the catastrophic event, it was harder for African Americans to find jobs in the U.S (Sustar). Even before the GreatRead MoreEssay on African Americans in the Great Depression1210 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Depression. The worst financial crisis to ever hit America. Unemployment rates of over 25%. A 50% decrease in national income. Billions of dollars lost in a single day. (Trotter, pg.8) The Depression affected everyone in America. Young and old, rich and poor, black and white, none were spared. However, for America’s 12 million African Americans (Encyclopedia of Race and Racism) the Depression didn’t just start in 1929.(Africa to America: From the Middle Passage Through the 1930s) AfricanRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Great Depression1053 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican Americans began moving into Chicago in great numbers following the Great Depression. As a result, tensions arose as they moved into the city, which sparked â€Å"the great migration of the whites.† who moved out of the city to the suburbs.Which caused the White Flight This investigation will analyze to what extent did negative racial encounters in the 1950’s caused the white fight to the suburbs.African Americans began moving into Chicago in great numbers following the Great Depression.Read MoreAfrican Americans During The Great Depression974 Words   |  4 PagesEvery group of Americans was affected by the Great Depression; however, African-Americans experienced the worst brunt of the blows. By 1932, more than half of African-Americans were unemployed. Discrimination also was visible in policies aimed to give relief during the Depression. Lastly, racial violence again became more common, especially in the South with no repercussions for committers of such violence. Before the Depression, Americans prospered during the roaring twenties. This was an exuberantRead MoreHow did the events of the 1930’s impact African Americans prospects?809 Words   |  4 Pagesimpact African Americans prospects? Charlie Wilson The 1930’s was a time of great struggle in the USA. The New York stock market crashed in 1929 and triggered a spiral of economic depression, which hit African Americans hard. The Great Depression had a huge impact on African Americans. The Great Depression of the 1930s was catastrophic for all workers. But as usual, African Americans suffered worse, pushed out of unskilled jobs previously scorned by whites before the depression. African AmericansRead MoreEffects Of Segregation In The 1930s737 Words   |  3 PagesRights Denied to African Americans in the 1930s What is segregation? Segregation is set apart or separation of people or things from others or from the main body or group. (dictionary.com) In the 1930s African Americans did not have the right to vote. The policy of segregation meant that blacks had their own churches, schools, football teams, and even their own cemeteries. The Great Depression also took place in the 1930s. The economic crisis of the 1930s, the Great Depression, is one of the mostRead MoreEffects Of Segregation In The 1930s728 Words   |  3 Pagespeople or things from others or from the main body or group. (dictionary.com) In the 1930s African Americans did not have the right to vote. The policy of segregation meant that blacks had their own churches, schools, football teams, and even their own cemeteries. The Great Depression also took place in the 1930s. The economic crisis of the 1930s, the Great Depression, is one of the most studied periods in American history. Racism was at a high point in the 1930s. The 1930s were a turbulent time forRead MoreGreat Depression Essays1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression is probably one of the most misunderstood events in American history. It is routinely cited, as proof that unregulated capitalism is not the best in the world, and that only a massive welfare state, huge amounts of economic regulation, and other interventions can save capitalism from itself. The Great Depression had important consequences and was a devastating event in America, however many good policies and programs became available as a result of the great depression, someRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance850 Words   |  4 Pagesexpress themselves. The Great Migration was the movement of six million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North during 1916 to 1970. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationist laws, many African Americans headed north in search for a better future. Due to the aftermath of World War One , it brought many African Americans into the thriving New York City. Moreover, during the early 1920s the African Americans developed their own cultureRead MoreThe Great Depression And The New Deal1177 Words   |  5 Pagespaper I will be discussing how women, blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans, were impacted by the Depression and the New Deal. I will also be discussing the long-term legacies of the New Deal and the major historical assessments that have been made of the New Deal. I will also be giving my thoughts and views on the assessments that have been made of the New Deal. The New Deal and Minorities The Great Depression was caused by the stock market crash in 1929. This stock market crash

Operating System for Engineering and Technology- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOperating System for Engineering and Technology. Answer: Background The upgrades of Windows 10 are available automatically to the user who is using Windows 7 or Windows 8. The FSET (The Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology) in Swinburne University of Technology has planned to upgrade the operating environment from Windows 7 to Windows 10 in all its computer laboratory rooms. To upgrade its Windows from 7 to 10, the FSET has to go through different steps for upgrading its operating system. Steps to be followed prior to Installing Windows 10 Before upgrading all the system in a computer laboratory, some points are to be kept in mind. Firstly there should be enough space in the system to install and upgrade Windows 10. Half of the hard drive in all the systems should be kept to upgrade Windows 10 from Windows 7 without loss of any data or program files (Wash et al. 2014). Minimum of free space of 20GB is to be kept empty in each of the system having 64 bit version. Some information such as accounts information, login id, login passwords and all the similar type of details are lost for the upgradation of Windows 10. If the systems that are used in laboratories are old modeled, then the systems must install all the drivers that are required by Windows 10 to cover the hardware components. Drivers must be included in Windows 10 that supports all the hardware components that are available in the market (Cline et al. 2014). The system must have all backup done before starting the upgrade. When upgrade is available in the system , the system shows popup automatically. All the personal files of the systems should be kept as backup to an external storage and also make a full system backup in all the systems using a built-in tool known as System Image Backup Tool (Chuchro et al. 2015). The upgrading system of Windows 10 is very straightforward. All these backups are to be kept for safety purpose. The next step that is to be kept in mind before upgrading a system to Windows 10 is that if antivirus is installed in the system, then it must be uninstalled or should be made disabled. All other software that provides security to system should be disabled or is uninstalled. Only the hardware peripherals such as mouse, keyboard and monitor should be connected to the systems in the laboratory (Ying, Xin and He 2014). All the applications that are not used and those applications that are listed by Get Windows 10 should be uninstalled. These peripherals creates problem for installing Windows 10 in the systems. These are done automatically by the application known as Get Windows 10. This app will scan the full system for application compatibility. If there exists issue that prevents the system from upgradation, then the list of application that prevents the upgrading system is notified on the screen. If it as accepted, all the application that prevents the upgrading process will be remov ed from all the system before upgrade. Before removing the applications all the list must be noted (Belhaiza, Hansen and Laporte 2014). The Microsoft applications that are standard and all the common software are preserved. Older version of Microsoft Office, some tax and accounting software, games, third party applications and custom applications can develop some issues after upgrading Windows 10 or may top working. To have complete successful installation of Windows 10, backup of the system should be done before installation process and restore process should be done after the installation is complete. Before starting upgrade process, all the files and applications are to be securely backed up. Process if Installing and Upgrading Windows 10 After the system is fully backed up, then the system is ready to install Windows 10. From the computer, Upgrade this PC now is selected to start upgrade process and then Next is clicked. The process of downloading begins when next is clicked. The downloading depends on the internet speed that all the system of the lab is connected with. When the downloading is finished, to unpack the installation process, terms of license agreement should be accepted and final update is to be done by the installer and a final checking of the update is done before the arrival of the confirmation page (Zhang, Xu and Jia 2014). Then a page will arrive showing three option for Choose what to keep. In this section the option is selected on what kind of installation is needed by FSET. This section helps to keep the personal files and applications in the system that were kept as backed up. Then click next to precede the installation process. The final screen will return after the next is clicked (Manen, Gui llaumin and Van Gool 2013). The system will reboot as per the instruction of installer and then the login screen of the windows will appear. For first time log in, the screen will show to accept Express Settings and then click to Customize Settings. The first screen that comes is the personalization screen. In this screen the privacy conscious is to be turned off. The second screen that comes is the browser protection, error reporting and hotspots. If the system uses Windows Store or Microsoft Edge, then SmartScreen is very much useful. The browsing data is sent to Microsoft. The Final screen shows the Windows apps for web browsing, movies, music or photos. After clicking next, the screen will be taken to Windows 10. After installing Windows 10 After the installation process, the apps that were backed up should be checked weather they exist or not. All the peripherals should be plugged in and checked if all are working correctly (Nelson, Phillips and Steuart 2014). The drivers should be updated if it is necessary and final installation and upgradation to Windows 10 is done. After the installation process, all the applications and files are present in the system. A software known as Zinstall can be used to restore all the backups automatically to the system. Once the backup process is done, then the Windows is ready to use. References Belhaiza, S., Hansen, P. and Laporte, G., 2014. A hybrid variable neighborhood tabu search heuristic for the vehicle routing problem with multiple time windows.Computers Operations Research,52, pp.269-281. Chuchro, M., Lupa, M., Pi?ta, A., Pirkowski, A. and Le?niak, A., 2015. A concept of time windows length selection in stream databases in the context of sensor networks monitoring. InNew trends in database and information systems II(pp. 173-183). Springer, Cham. Cline, J.M., Dupuis, G., Liu, Z. and Xue, W., 2014. The windows for kinetically mixed Z-mediated dark matter and the galactic center gamma ray excess.Journal of High Energy Physics,2014(8), p.131. Manen, S., Guillaumin, M. and Van Gool, L., 2013. Prime object proposals with randomized prim's algorithm. InProceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision(pp. 2536-2543). Nelson, B., Phillips, A. and Steuart, C., 2014.Guide to computer forensics and investigations. Cengage Learning. Wash, R., Rader, E., Vaniea, K. and Rizor, M., 2014, July. Out of the loop: How automated software updates cause unintended security consequences. InSymposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS)(pp. 89-104). Ying, X., Xin, S.Q. and He, Y., 2014. Parallel Chen-Han (PCH) algorithm for discrete geodesics.ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG),33(1), p.9. Zhang, Q., Xu, L. and Jia, J., 2014. 100+ times faster weighted median filter (WMF). InProceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition(pp. 2830-2837).

Health Issues in the Aborigines Culture free essay sample

Indigenous health problems are also noted to be a combination of third world-associated quandaries such as high rates of maternal and infant mortality as well as low life expectancy, malnutrition and other communicable diseases; as well as more ‘Western lifestyle’ health problems such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, drug and alcohol abuse, mental illness, and many others (Lewis, 2003). This paper therefore looks at the epidemiology of the state of health for the Aboriginal community, delving into the possible sociological reasons behind this increasingly deplorable condition. At the same time, a clearer perspective will be offered into the widening gap that is noted between the state of health for Aboriginal communities and that of other Australians further putting this into a social context. The effect of a modern society on health care provision to indigenous communities is also discussed, as well as the health issues facing these people such as high blood pressure, stress, drugs, alcohol and poor children’s health. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008), the Aboriginal community faces higher rates of ill health than any other group in Australia. From the estimate of an average of 450,000 Aborigines in Australia, it is observed that when compared to other communities, this community faces enhanced problems of chronic illness and problems from cigarette smoking in addition to other health issues. Among the various problems faced by the Aboriginal people include children’s health issues. These include low birth weight accompanied by an infant mortality rate that is almost three times that of the national average; such a figure results to 15. 2 deaths of Aborigine infants as compared to 5 from other communities per 1,000 births (Thomas, 2003). Other factors connected to low birth weight include that of an enhanced risk for consequent diseases during puberty and adulthood that may lead to neonatal death. Low birth weight of the infant is associated with a slow growth rate and short pregnancy length, with Aboriginal women noted to have a 12. 4% chance to have a low birth weight baby as compared to 6. 2% for a non-Aboriginal woman (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). Other issues noted in Aboriginal children include the prevalence of poverty among the members of this group thereby leading to ill-health and poor benefits especially for the young. In addition to a higher rate of low birth weight in Aboriginal women, their children also face a greater risk of malnutrition. The advantage of breastfeeding is noted during the early months, with this offering an additional defense against common infant diseases. However, after weaning, the lack of nutritious foods increases the likelihood of children to contract infectious diseases further enhancing the children’s malnutrition. Other health problems faced by children include the prevalence of middle ear infection, consequently affecting the learning abilities of the child that may have speech and hearing problems. At the same time, the high rate of smoking among the Aboriginal community leads to a high exposure of the children to tobacco smoke during pregnancy and even after birth. This then leads to the noted increase in the prevalence of respiratory disorders including asthma and other related ailments. Other diseases faced by pre-pubescent Aborigines include chest and throat infections as well as injuries from accidents. Adult male Aborigines also face higher risks of accidental injuries as compared to non-aboriginal adult males. This increases their chances for hospitalization which is also enhanced by heart and chest diseases as well as digestive tract ailments. Aboriginal women similarly have higher rates of urinary and reproductive complications as compared to non-aboriginal women with the latter complications leading to strained pregnancy and births. On an overall basis, members of the Aboriginal communities are twice as likely to be hospitalized as compared their non-aboriginal counterparts (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). These results from an enhanced susceptibility to injuries sustained during accidents as well as the aforementioned causes. It is also noted that Aboriginal people usually have a higher vulnerability to infectious diseases such as sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, as well as other potentially fatal conditions such as Tuberculosis and Haemophilus influenza type b (Lutschini, 2005). Diet and nutrition plays a major role in the state of health of the Aboriginal people. Before the influence of settlers who arrived in Australia, Aboriginal people were used to their hunter-gatherer lifestyles that incorporated the consumption of wild meats and fallow plants. These customary foods were rich in nutrients, protein and carbohydrates, while also having limited supplies of sugars and fat. As a result, the Aboriginal people were healthy and did not face diet-related ailments. With the introduction of Westernized foods, which contain higher levels of sugars and fat, while being low on essential nutrients, the Aboriginal people have become more vulnerable to diet disorders such as diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. This increased rate is also noted to be higher in Aborigines than in non-aborigines who are considered to be used to these ‘modern’ foods. Aboriginal people have also been noted to have a shorter life expectancy than that of non-indigenous communities with Aboriginal males expected to live for around 57 years as compared to 62 years for their female counterparts; this translates to a shortfall of around 18 to 20 years when compared to non-aborigines (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). There are diverse causes of this early death amongst the aborigines that include twice the rate of cardiovascular disorders that include strokes and heart failures as compared to non-aborigines. At the same time, aborigines are three times as likely to succumb to injuries sustained from accidents as well as other causes such as homicide and even suicide. When seeking an explanation as to these health profiles, it is important to take into consideration the historical context of the changing environment that the Aborigines have had to contend with. Prior to European colonization, these individuals were used to a supportive environment as well as a multifaceted social support network. They also had an advanced comprehension of their ecology which was advantageous in providing all their nutritional and health requirements. This was also enhanced by an active lifestyle whose foundation was a community that promoted a family culture that exhibited psychosocial veracity (White, 2002). The advent of colonization brought with it a change in lifestyle making the Aborigines more inactive and dependent on the European settlers. This resulted in their acquisition of undesirable products and infectious diseases that their health systems were not equipped to handle. At the same time, a societal shift was noted that clashed with the culture, heritage as well as the concept of family that the Aborigines were used to. In recent years, there has been an effort at social integration coupled with dealing with public health issues at all facets of the community (Carson, Dunbar amp; Chenhall, 2007). However, even with an overall reduction in the mortality and death rates of all Australians, it is noted that the Aboriginal community still records significantly higher rates of the same. Due to the overall effect that historical events have had on the Aboriginal community including lack of education, poor employment opportunities, elevated drug and alcohol abuse, the improvement of health amongst this community continues to be an uphill battle. Other problems are as a result of the lack of access to health services by some Aboriginal communities. This is credited to both the physical distance to such amenities as well as various aspects of cultural insensitivity. Due to the occupation of rural areas by the Aboriginal people, they accessibility to healthcare is hampered by the lack of transport usually resulting in less frequent visits to health professionals. The cultural perception about health and quality of health services also plays a major role in healthcare service provision (Germov, 2004). Indeed, it is noted that the Aborigines are more likely to be influenced by spiritual beliefs such as curses and punishment from alleged transgression than biomedical views on health. As a result, Aboriginal people are more likely to accept the views of traditional healers as opposed to opinions offered by Western health professionals. Other conflicts between traditional Aboriginal views and those provided under the constructs of biomedical provisions include the notion of informed consent especially when an approval is sought to proceed with a medical procedure. For instance traditional applications of the role of kinship as well as community relationships will take precedence, in the minds of the Aborigines, over that of the sole consent of a patient (McGrath amp; Phillips, 2008). These cultural differences also expand into the concepts of immediacy and time, the comprehension of health and illness, as well as information on the potential benefits, and harms of treatment especially when a language barrier is present thereby hindering the patient-doctor interaction. In precis of the epidemiological aspects of Aboriginal health, it is noted that the advent of European colonization brought with it the change in the community’s health structure. This was either due to an alteration of the epidemiological dynamics of diseases that were already present including an induction of novel and contagious diseases, or by a change in lifestyle increasing the vulnerability of the indigenous people to such ailments. Irrespective of the sources of the problem, it is noted that the prevalence of health problems is higher in Aborigines than in non-aborigines with inequities arising due to inadequate healthcare for the former, as well as cultural disparities that exist between the two societies and that promote the further segregation of health services among them. When making considerations into the various views held by social theorists to the situations faced by Aborigines, a further analysis can be drawn into the health situation and the disparities faced by this community in relation to that of non-aborigines. Marx’s view of class, work and alienation, is such a theory. This theory has been utilized by many ideologists who have affirmed the presence of an oppressive structure in any society that is maintained by the dominant culture, language or social position (Western amp; Najman, 2000). The lesser group therefore undergoes manipulation and control at the will of the more ascendant group. This phenomenon is also noted to traverse generations, cultures and time therefore being present in all societies. To further its causes, the dominant culture promotes its ideologies through education as well as other services provisions which favor the ruling class and keep the lesser group unaware of their rights. Thus the ownership of power of capital maintain structures that provide for the maintenance and concentration of this power among the elite thereby ensuring that it is not lost or watered down with the effects of time. Such structures, according to various social theorists, extend past the constructs of schools and education and even go as far as health provisions such as the case under study (McGrath amp; Phillips, 2008). In the societal and cultural context of the state of Aboriginal health in Australia, it can be argued that its structure over time has been altered to serve the best interests of the more dominant non-aboriginal communities. As a result, the Aboriginal people have received constant interference, oppression and misinterpretation as to the rights that are provided to them in healthcare as well as other community services that they are entitled to. There are also similarities noted between this form domination and the colonialist tyranny by Europeans over other societies in Africa, South American and parts of East Asia. The main effect of such oppression was the changing of the mindset or perceptions of the indigenous communities as to their rights and the changes they had to make to their traditions (Grbich, 2004). Proponents of this view argue of its accurate assertion on the negative Western attitudes towards cultural aspects and the wellbeing of Aboriginal people and how these have been propagated in all aspects of the society, including healthcare provision. This can therefore be construed as the actions of a dominant culture that reserves its gains in science to not only promote the agenda of this ‘stronger’ community but to also portray the Aborigines as being crushed and submissive. This further alienates the two societies further alienating the Aboriginal people and resulting in cultural insensitivity. Indeed, this has been noted as one of the reasons behind why the Aborigines do not advocate for the use of biomedical options of treatment but opt to stick to traditional forms of healing based more on their spiritual beliefs. The sociological change in relation to this theory can be observed with the Aboriginal approach at self-empowerment in which they aim at gaining the necessary skills to seek their rights thereby gaining security from current and future forms of oppression. This is evident with the acceptance by the Aboriginal communities to not only seek biomedical approaches to treatment but to also comprehend the underlying aspects of science and language that the non-aboriginal communities had used to oppress them in the past. By taking a proactive approach at undertaking research into the health issues affecting them as well as the possible application of their findings into their communities, the Aboriginal people are gaining assurance and assertion from the knowledge of medicine and other forms of science through. As a result, the possibility of improving their health and wellbeing becomes an ever-closer reality (White, 2002). Another perspective that can be adopted scrutinize issues based on Aboriginal health are those proposed by Erving Goffman. This theorist discussed various notions such as stigma, passing, deviance and social control and how these affected social structures and the manner in which individual members of a community interacted with each other. For instance, Goffman affirmed that the prevalence of stigma resulted from the lack of comprehension of an unknown, with this perspective leading to a change of attitude or behavior towards the object under scrutiny. This theorist further described three forms of stigma including physical abominations, imperfections of character, and tribal stigma (Lewis, 2003). Aspects of the latter form can therefore be observed in the provision of healthcare to Aboriginal communities being neglected by the mainstream communities that are predominantly non-aboriginal. This is due to a lack of understanding of the Aboriginal customs and beliefs especially regarding health and illness and the associated forms of treatment. Similarly proponents of the theorist’s views assert the clear observations of aspects of social control against Aboriginal communities in all aspects of the society, and including the healthcare system. In the past, some form of segregation has been observed amongst healthcare providers when offering their services to Aborigines and non-aborigines (Carson et al. , 2007). The poor delivery of health services the former leads to the deplorable health state of this particular community and can be further attributed to the widening gap between the states of health on a community level. Providing primary health care to meet specific Aboriginal needs has not been put under consideration with this being a major indicator of the flaws of the system. Various other social theorists have added their diverse views about the state of health of the Aboriginal community in Australia. According to McGrath amp; Phillips (2008), research into the effects of public health system and especially on the response by various institutions to indigenous public health needs is lacking. At the same time, healthcare provision for aboriginal communities is not directed by the needs of the indigenous people, as it should be, thereby demonstrating a flaw in the power structure between non-aboriginal health experts and Aboriginal health workers. As a result, provision of indigenous health care takes a back seat thereby promoting the already deplorable state of affairs. Such a notion is further promoted by the sociological view that the flaws in the public healthcare systems that are not in the favor of the Aboriginal community, stem from the unbalanced nature of the political economy. According to this perspective, the political and economic relations that exist promote the negative effects noted in the public healthcare system. The asymmetrical access that the Aboriginal people have to the political and economic resources in Australia is therefore translated into various structural and situational disadvantages such as the lack of access to health services by Aboriginal communities. At the same time, the public health system is flawed for dealing with population-based aspects of healthcare in which the population is considered to be asocial. The resultant notion therefore asserts that the public health system assumes that the needs of various communities are similar and that no underlying societal disparities exist (Western amp; Najman, 2000). The resultant situation is that of a system that deals with the needs of the predominant culture or community which in this case is that of the non-aborigines and neglects the needs of the lesser communities. This leads to the lack of appropriate health care for the needs of the Aboriginal people further adding to the poor state of health affairs faced by the indigenous societies. In retrospect, the sociological explanations behind the state of Aboriginal health are noted to be based on flaws in the political and economic structures that provide the basis of public health. As a result, a relation can be further made between the social and political influences and the provision of public healthcare to Indigenous communities. Such flawed structures can therefore be blamed for the poor state of affairs in a situation that can be controlled by an emphasis for health services that cater for the needs of the Aboriginal community. Such systems should also not offer any room to any form of segregation whether as a result of stigma or as a result of forms of oppression by a dominant culture over another that it deems as inferior. Aboriginal health is indeed an important aspect of health, illness and well-being in Australia that needs consideration. The increasing disparities that are noted between the states of health of Aborigines and non-aborigines provide a sufficient need to worry especially with the differences being added by sociological boundaries that exist in the healthcare system. The changes in social, political and economic attitudes should provide a foundation to improve health services and awareness of the Aboriginal community in order to increase life expectancy, decrease mortality rates at all stages of life, reduce the impact of diseases and enhance the social and emotional well being of members of this and all communities, thereby leading to a unified healthy nation. Works Cited